Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection: A Series of Essays (Foundations in Biological Thought) (Volume 1), by Alfred Russel Wallace
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Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection: A Series of Essays (Foundations in Biological Thought) (Volume 1), by Alfred Russel Wallace
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Alfred Russel Wallace is best known as the co-originator of the theory of evolution by natural selection, an honor he shares with his contemporary Charles Darwin. Among the ten essays in this volume is his seminal paper on natural selection, "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type", which was presented with Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" at a meeting of the Linnean Society of London in July 1858. This edition of Wallace's "Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection" is the first entry in the Foundations of Biological Thought series published by Briar Bird Press. The series presents the pivotal works of 19th century naturalists remastered for modern readers. Meticulously edited, these volumes preserve the author's intent in design and content, including the manuscript's original annotations and amendments. In addition, revised page references and editor's notes are included throughout to retain the utility of the works for both study and reference.
Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection: A Series of Essays (Foundations in Biological Thought) (Volume 1), by Alfred Russel Wallace- Amazon Sales Rank: #9376380 in Books
- Published on: 2015-05-13
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 10.00" h x .50" w x 7.00" l, .86 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 220 pages
About the Author Janice M. Hughes is an avid ornithologist and an award-winning professor of biology at Lakehead University. She is the author of numerous books and articles on birds, travel, handicrafts, and other subjects including the Field Guide to Birds of Ontario, Migration of Birds: Seasons on the Wing, Cranes: A Natural History of a Bird in Crisis, The Healthy RVers Cookbook: Good Food on the Go, and Stupid Dog Toys. Dr. Hughes lives in the boreal forest with her family and dogs.
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3 of 3 people found the following review helpful. Foundational Works on Natural Selection by the Co-Discoverer of Natural Selection - Alfred Russel Wallace By Scholastic Reader Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913) truly is a forgotten giant who independently, in 1858, concluded and published (1 year before the publication Darwin's "Origin of Species" in 1859) the first work on the theory of Natural Selection (Paper # 2 in this volume) that would be popularized by Charles Darwin. Wallace does not use the term "Natural Selection" in the paper, but the idea of Natural Selection is clearly there. Darwin coins the term 1 year later in his publication (though the term was used by Darwin in 2 older unpublished essays/sketches from 1842 and 1844).In a paper from 1855 (Paper # 1 in this volume), 4 years before the publishing of "Origin of Species", one can see how Wallace's ideas on evolution were resembling Natural Selection already. Thus, Darwin's contributions were not new or unique since others had come up with similar conclusions and ideas already (Lamarck, Wallace, Lyell, Chambers). See the end of this review for links to other books which document the history of such simple ideas as natural selection and evolution. In fact in 1858, Wallace sent Darwin his independent derivation (Paper # 2 in this volume) of the theories of Natural Selection and evolution after reading Malthus' An Essay on the Principle of Population (Oxford World's Classics) years before. Malthus' essay impacted both men heavily on natural selection specifically and evolution in general since it dealt with limits of populations, resources, reproduction, and survival. For instance, Darwin wrote in his autobiography (1876), "In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic inquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favorable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed. The results of this would be the formation of a new species. Here, then I had at last got a theory by which to work." Another major influence in both Darwin and Wallace was Charles Lyell. Lyell had discussed ideas on evolution in the 1830s and both Darwin and Wallace used his work Principles of Geology, Volume 2 in developing their views. Though Volume 1 and 3 of Lyell's work pushed for uniformitarianism and extended the history of the earth to long epochs that fluctuated through time but balancing out as an average, Volume 2 was the one that influenced Darwin the most since it mentioned extensive discussions on gradual and slow evolutionary theories, limits of transmutations of species, artificial selection, the balancing of increases and decreases of plant and animal populations, distributions of animals, etc; and was with him in the Beagle. Another important work before Wallace and Darwin's thesis was Robert Chambers 1844 publication called Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation and Other Evolutionary Writings. This was an earlier publication on progressive/gradual evolution before Wallace and Darwin which inspired Wallace in 1845 to seek out a law on transmutation and origin of species. The rest is history.Wallace concluded via geological evidence and geographical distribution of animals, among other arguments, that gradual evolution occurred in long epochs accounting for the origin of all species and that species grew and diverged when they adapted and diminished when they failed to adapt. This constituted an evolutionary theory that Charles Darwin would eventually arrive at and match. Wallace's view is slightly different than Darwin's view in that Darwin saw evolution as just a "process" theory and Wallace saw evolution as a Law of Nature in the same way as Gravitation was seen as a Law at that time. In that sense Wallace was more hardcore in his view of evolution than Darwin was.This collection of essays are really important since they carry Wallace's original 1858 work that first mentioned the view that would be later called "natural selection" and put pressure on Darwin to publish his views of gradual evolution in the "Origin Of Species".Here are the essay titles with topics mentioned and discussed by Alfred Russel Wallace:1. "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species" (1855)This is Wallace's 1855 paper published in "Annals and Magazine of Natural History" where he sets up ideas on emergence of species. The notes on this essay (not found in this book being reviewed) are found in Natural Selection and Tropical Nature: Essays on Descriptive and Theoretical Biology which has all of the essays in this collection of essays with notes and more, mentions the relationship of Wallace's early paper(s) to Darwin, in page 21.Here there is discussion on how Geology hints at diversification of the earth and so do species via geological epochs and geographic distribution of species; extinction and renewal of species; Wallace's core foundation for gradual evolution: Geological distribution of species and Geographical distribution of species ; the Galapagos; his theory is of "gradual change" not "progression"; Wallace's used the analogy of a tree (like Darwin's Tree of Life) to represent how species emerged; older species have been more complex than current species, objections to Forbes' "Theory of Polarity" and assuming that the number of species on Earth in the past are not much less than the present number since extinctions and creations balance each other out at some point; "Rudimentary Organs" - vestigial organs and physiological imperfections; the Law that introduces new species is deduced necessarily like the Law of Elliptic Orbits of Planets or the Law of Gravitation2. "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type" (1858)This is the monumental work that co-established (I say "first" established) the theory of "Natural Selection" - published in "Proceedings of the Linnaean Society" along with Darwin's paper; addresses the "reversion of species to back to parent species" argument by population and number of offspring being more than 2 usually; struggle for existence; adaption to conditions of existence is the reason for rarity or abundance of a species and its survival; good variations of species increase, bad variations of species decrease; superior variations of species surpass and survive; Lamarck challenged (41)3. "Mimicry and Other Protective Resemblances among Animals" (1867)Theories on color and camouflage in animals; protection for animals other than color; one case of "intelligently designed" resemblance where design and intention is visible: flies that enter bee's nest (75); mimicry among insects, snakes, birds, mammals; objections to Bates' "Theory of Mimicry" and "Special Creation Theory" countered (109); sexual selection of female insects, birds; camouflage used to protect or to easily prey upon other creatures; "survival of the fittest" (125); color as "utility" by Darwin (127)4. "The Malayan Papilionidae or Swallow Tailed Butterflies as Illustrative of the Theory of Natural Selection" (1864)Lepidoptera or butter flies as evidence for speciation; "species" and "origin" are defined (142)' variation of six types: simple variability, polymorphism, local forms, co-existing varieties, races or subspecies, true species (143-166); natural selection may work independently from sexual selection (157); ambiguities of varieties and identification of speciation deduced by opinion; variation influenced by locality5. "On Instinct in Man and Animals" (1871)Organization in insects; "instinct" defined (204); man and instinct?; Wallace does not believe in the "Theory of Instinct"6. "The Philosophy of Bird's Nests" (1867)Birds building nests is not by instinct and men do not build by reason; men build according to necessity and resources; birds do the same with resources they encounter; birds in cages do not make the same nest as their species do in the wild; birds do not sing songs of their species, they sing and mimic the songs of whatever birds they hear; mainly men are the same in tribes and villages in that they imitate too; birds do alter and improve nesting when they find better equipment or the locations become dangerous7. "A Theory of Bird's Nests" (1868)Types of nests; the Law of sexual differences in color and nesting practices (240); sexual selection; exceptions to the Law in page 2408. "Creation by Law" (1867)Law of Multiplication in Geometrical Progression, Law of Limited Populations, Law of Heredity, Law of Variation, Law of Constant Physical Change of the Earth, the Equilibrium; Herbert Spencer's "Principles of Biology" (267); "self-regulating" natural laws alone can produce all creatures; a Creator could have made these laws; Darwin's metaphorical and teleological language causes misconceptions; examples of Geological adaptations by just general laws; the Theory of "Continual Interference" where the Creator intercedes is believed to actually limit the Creator's powers as a creative force and does not do justice to the Creator's power to create and design a self-diversifying creation (280); adaption MUST have the appearance of design (281); beauty in nature has advantages for reproduction purposes; Wallace argues that we should not assume the Creator's mind to be like our own in terms of our criterion for beauty and ugliness (284); Duke of Argyll's "Special Creation" view is countered; effects of breeding; variation has no limits; argument from "not enough time to cause much variation" addressed9. "The Development of Human Races under the Law of Natural Selection" (1864)Anthropologists say man is not recent but has existed 1,000 centuries ago; wide differences of opinion on Man's origin; anthropological data from cultures races of humans; differences in natural selection in animals and man; extinction in lower forms of man; origins of races of man - man was a homogeneous race at some point; man's brain grew and this `mind' gave man supremacy nature; man has escaped and taken away power from natural selection (326); savage and civilized man have differences culturally, not physically; 1. By intellect man makes better technology and 2. By better moral feelings man is fit for a social state; man will still progress via natural selection both physically and mentally10. "Limits of Natural Selection as Applied to Man" (1869)(Intelligently Designed Evolution)Not all nature can be explained by just natural principles (332-333); limits of natural selection; size of brain is key to higher species; man's brain compared to brain of apes; intellects of savages and animals compared; man's unhariyness, hands, feet voice, mental faculties, and moral sense are all insufficiently explained by natural selection; the origin and other views of origins of consciousness as not compatible with reality; the nature of matter; two forces: primary forces (Gravitation) and will-forces; the rise of the will; all force may be will-force from multiple Intelligences or one Supreme Intelligence ; will-force can be deduced from the facts from the sciencesTruly a remarkable collection of papers. Alfred Russel Wallace is a forgotten giant in evolutionary biology and is rarely mentioned in textbooks or anywhere really, but when he is is he is not emphasized much. It would be wise to read his contributions to the ideas for natural selection to see the whole picture of the Wallace - Darwinian Theory. Darwin was not unique in his synthesis and Wallace shows this in his works.For a historical look at evolutionary theories by the ancient Greeks and early Christians please read From the Greeks to Darwin: an outline of the development of the evolution idea to see how old and how ancient evolutionary theories are. For further reading on other evolutionary theories please look at Lamarck's wonderful 1809 work Zoological Philosophy, An Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals which was basically the first complete and coherent "modern" evolutionary theory. Another primary work of interest on the history of evolutionary theories is Julian Huxley's Evolution: The Modern Synthesis which summarized how evolution was finally synthesized with disparate information from many separate fields within the branches of biology (i.e. genetics, systematics, etc) and paleontology in the 1930's and 1940's, not before. Its was an interesting point in time for evolution narratives and that book was considered as one of the main summaries of, what Huxley called, the "Neo-Darwinian" view. One interesting discussion point in that book is how evolutionary theory is inherently a deductive theory, not an inductive one.For information on the new evolutionary theory that is going to go beyond Natural Selection and how molecular data has challenged the Wallace-Darwinian view by interviews with molecular evolutionary biologists and astrobiologists that feel the need to propose a newer evolutionary synthesis, please read The Altenberg 16: An Exposé of the Evolution Industry and the proceedings of a new evolutionary theory in Evolution - the Extended Synthesis. Recent research articles which summarize the changes that are occurring due to genomic data are coming out (Koonin, Eugene V. 2009. "Darwinian Evolution in the Light of Genomics". Nucleic Acids Research. 2009. 37(4): 1011-1034 ; Koonin, Eugene V. 2009. "The Origin at 150: Is a New Evolutionary Synthesis in Sight?". Trends in Genetics. 2009. 25(11): 473-475).
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